{"id":5897,"date":"2024-12-02T10:45:31","date_gmt":"2024-12-02T15:45:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ssencressc.ca\/?p=5897"},"modified":"2024-12-02T17:12:54","modified_gmt":"2024-12-02T22:12:54","slug":"la-demarche-denquete-au-service-du-raisonnement-geographique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ssencressc.ca\/fr\/la-demarche-denquete-au-service-du-raisonnement-geographique\/","title":{"rendered":"La d\u00e9marche d\u2019enqu\u00eate au service du raisonnement g\u00e9ographique"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; admin_label=\u00a0\u00bbSalon Article\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0&Prime; da_disable_devices=\u00a0\u00bboff|off|off\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb da_is_popup=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb da_exit_intent=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb da_has_close=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb da_alt_close=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb da_dark_close=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb da_not_modal=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb da_is_singular=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb da_with_loader=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb da_has_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00a0\u00bb1_2,1_2&Prime; admin_label=\u00a0\u00bbrow\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.4&Prime; background_size=\u00a0\u00bbinitial\u00a0\u00bb background_position=\u00a0\u00bbtop_left\u00a0\u00bb background_repeat=\u00a0\u00bbrepeat\u00a0\u00bb min_height=\u00a0\u00bb456.5px\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_2&Prime; _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.24.2&Prime; _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text admin_label=\u00a0\u00bbtitle\/author\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.4&Prime; _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb min_height=\u00a0\u00bb22.8px\u00a0\u00bb hover_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0&Prime; global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb sticky_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0&Prime;]<\/p>\n<h1>La d\u00e9marche d\u2019enqu\u00eate au service du raisonnement g\u00e9ographique<\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pierre-Luc Fillion<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">doctorant en \u00e9ducation, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Trois-Rivi\u00e8res<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=\u00a0\u00bbDescription\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.4&Prime; _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb||0px|||\u00a0\u00bb hover_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0&Prime; global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb sticky_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0&Prime;]<\/p>\n<h5><b>Introduction<\/b><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Que l\u2019on pense au gazoduc Coastal Gaslink<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">au r\u00e9seau d\u2019ol\u00e9oducs Trans Mountain, au troisi\u00e8me lien entre Qu\u00e9bec et L\u00e9vis ou au projet Royalmount<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, les exemples d\u2019enjeux territoriaux controvers\u00e9s sont nombreux \u00e0 se retrouver sporadiquement dans les m\u00e9dias. Pour appr\u00e9hender ces enjeux d\u2019une grande complexit\u00e9, la responsabilit\u00e9 fondamentale d\u2019outiller les \u00e9l\u00e8ves revient \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole (Hertig, 2016). Le programme actuel de g\u00e9ographie au premier cycle du secondaire offre d\u2019ailleurs tout le potentiel pour y contribuer. \u00c0 travers l\u2019\u00e9tude des territoires types (urbain, r\u00e9gional, agricole, autochtone et prot\u00e9g\u00e9) et l\u2019analyse des enjeux territoriaux qui en d\u00e9coulent, les \u00e9l\u00e8ves sont amen\u00e9s \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper les outils intellectuels de la discipline ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 se former \u00e0 la citoyennet\u00e9 (MELS, 2006).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_2&Prime; _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.24.2&Prime; _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/ssencressc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/global-6635477_1280.png\u00a0\u00bb title_text=\u00a0\u00bbglobal inquiry\u00a0\u00bb show_bottom_space=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.4&Prime; _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb0px||0px||false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb50px||0px||false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bb50px||0px||false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding_last_edited=\u00a0\u00bbon|desktop\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text admin_label=\u00a0\u00bbDescription\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.4&Prime; _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb text_font_size=\u00a0\u00bb12px\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb||0px|||\u00a0\u00bb hover_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0&Prime; global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb sticky_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0&Prime;]<\/p>\n<p><i>Cet article a pr\u00e9alablement \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9 dans Enjeux de l&rsquo;univers social (Vol. 16 #2) alors que l&rsquo;auteur \u00e9tait candidat au doctorat \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Trois-Rivi\u00e8res. Il est actuellement Professeur \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 Laval.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=\u00a0\u00bbrow\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.16&Prime; background_size=\u00a0\u00bbinitial\u00a0\u00bb background_position=\u00a0\u00bbtop_left\u00a0\u00bb background_repeat=\u00a0\u00bbrepeat\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4&Prime; _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.16&Prime; custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text admin_label=\u00a0\u00bbDescription\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.4&Prime; _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb-40px||||false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb||0px|||\u00a0\u00bb hover_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0&Prime; global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb sticky_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0&Prime;]<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L\u2019enseignement de la g\u00e9ographie contribue ainsi \u00e0 leur apprendre \u00e0 r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir de mani\u00e8re autonome sur des questions territoriales complexes, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire \u00e0 raisonner g\u00e9ographiquement. Mais qu\u2019est-ce donc que le raisonnement g\u00e9ographique et comment peut-on concr\u00e8tement former les \u00e9l\u00e8ves \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard\u2009? Cet article vise \u00e0 clarifier succinctement ce que l\u2019on entend par raisonnement g\u00e9ographique, \u00e0 pr\u00e9senter une d\u00e9marche d\u2019enqu\u00eate g\u00e9ographique par l\u2019entremise d\u2019un exemple, puis \u00e0 pr\u00e9ciser des conditions essentielles favorisant le d\u00e9veloppement du raisonnement g\u00e9ographique.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><b>Le raisonnement g\u00e9ographique<\/b><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">De mani\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, le raisonnement g\u00e9ographique constitue un regard sp\u00e9cifique port\u00e9 sur le monde. Deux aspects fondamentaux sous-tendent un tel regard. D\u2019une part, la g\u00e9ographie porte un int\u00e9r\u00eat particulier au rapport entre la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et le territoire (M\u00e9renne-Schoumaker, 2012\u2009; Morgan, 2013), c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire qu\u2019elle cherche \u00e0 comprendre comment les humains s\u2019adaptent au territoire, comment ils l\u2019utilisent, l\u2019am\u00e9nagent, le modifient et l\u2019organisent en fonction de leurs besoins. D\u2019autre part, la notion d\u2019\u00e9chelle est primordiale en g\u00e9ographie alors que l\u2019on s\u2019int\u00e9resse aux diff\u00e9rentes relations entre le local, le r\u00e9gional et le global dans le but de mieux comprendre l\u2019interd\u00e9pendance entre les acteurs qui occupent les territoires (Jackson, 2006).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En plus de ces deux aspects fondamentaux, le raisonnement g\u00e9ographique requiert plusieurs \u00ab\u2009op\u00e9rations intellectuelles\u2009\u00bb, selon la terminologie du MELS (2011)\u2009; les \u00e9l\u00e8ves sont susceptibles de les mobiliser lors de l\u2019\u00e9tude d\u2019un enjeu territorial et de participer ainsi \u00e0 leur formation de citoyens critiques. Or, les documents minist\u00e9riels proposent des op\u00e9rations intellectuelles relativement larges, comme \u00ab\u2009\u00e9tablir des faits\u2009\u00bb ou \u00ab\u2009mettre en relation des faits\u2009\u00bb. Celles-ci sont parfois transversales au domaine de l\u2019univers social, voire \u00e0 toutes les disciplines. Voici donc une proposition qui vise \u00e0 mettre en \u00e9vidence la sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 du raisonnement g\u00e9ographique au sujet d\u2019enjeux territoriaux. Cette proposition s\u2019inspire principalement du <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cadre d\u2019\u00e9valuation des apprentissages<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> du MELS (2011), de Duquette, Sharpe, Bahbahani et Huynh (2016) et d\u2019Hertig (2018). \u00c0 l\u2019instar de ce dernier, j\u2019ai ajout\u00e9 des exemples de questions pouvant amener les \u00e9l\u00e8ves \u00e0 raisonner g\u00e9ographiquement \u00e0 l\u2019aide des op\u00e9rations intellectuelles qui suivent.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5>\u00a0<\/h5>\n<h5><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Importance spatiale (Duquette et coll., 2016)<\/em><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">R\u00e9fl\u00e9chir \u00e0 un enjeu territorial, c\u2019est d\u2019abord se questionner sur son importance et en saisir l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat pour une meilleure compr\u00e9hension du monde: <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parmi l\u2019ensemble des enjeux que l\u2019on retrouve sur la plan\u00e8te, pourquoi celui-ci est-il pertinent et significatif?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En quoi l\u2019enjeu territorial m\u00e9rite-t-il notre attention?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Localisation (Hertig, 2018) \/ Situer un territoire (MELS, 2011)<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Localiser un enjeu territorial, c\u2019est plus que simplement le situer sur une carte. Il s\u2019agit de chercher \u00e0 comprendre pourquoi un endroit bien pr\u00e9cis pr\u00e9sente les conditions d\u2019existence de cet enjeu:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dans quel territoire se situe l\u2019enjeu territorial\u2009?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pourquoi l\u00e0 et pas ailleurs\u2009?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Caract\u00e9riser un territoire (MELS, 2011)<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En plus de d\u00e9crire le territoire en fonction de ses atouts et ses contraintes, caract\u00e9riser un territoire implique de r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir au rapport entre la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et le territoire ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 la mani\u00e8re dont les humains s\u2019adaptent et utilisent leur espace g\u00e9ographique:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quels sont les atouts et les contraintes du territoire?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Comment la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 s\u2019adapte-t-elle au territoire?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Comment la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 utilise-t-elle son territoire?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>D\u00e9terminer qui sont les acteurs et leurs intentionnalit\u00e9s (Hertig, 2018)<\/em><\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Au c\u0153ur de la g\u00e9ographie sociale, un enjeu territorial pr\u00e9suppose que des groupes d\u2019acteurs ont des perspectives qui divergent au regard de l\u2019utilisation du territoire.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Qui sont les acteurs concern\u00e9s par l\u2019enjeu\u2009?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quels sont leurs besoins ou leurs intentions \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard du territoire\u2009?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">\u00c9chelle (Hertig, 2018)<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Comme mentionn\u00e9 pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment, un regard g\u00e9ographique sur le monde laisse entendre la prise en compte de la dimension multiscalaire de l\u2019enjeu territorial. Avec la mondialisation, le passage du local au global et inversement peut souvent amener des perspectives nouvelles sur un enjeu, et m\u00eame impliquer de nouveaux acteurs:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00c0 quelle \u00e9chelle suis-je en train de r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quelles autres \u00e9chelles dois-je aussi consid\u00e9rer?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Jugement sur le plan g\u00e9ographique (Duquette et coll., 2016)<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contribution importante du raisonnement g\u00e9ographique \u00e0 la citoyennet\u00e9 critique, l\u2019\u00e9tude d\u2019un enjeu territorial am\u00e8ne les \u00e9l\u00e8ves \u00e0 adopter un jugement g\u00e9ographique raisonn\u00e9 et appuy\u00e9 sur des informations g\u00e9ographiques \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard des actions humaines \u00e0 privil\u00e9gier. Ce jugement implique in\u00e9vitablement une r\u00e9flexion \u00e9thique sur leurs propres valeurs ainsi que sur les besoins divergents des acteurs concern\u00e9s\u00a0:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00c0 quel point les actions humaines et leurs r\u00e9sultats sont-ils souhaitables ou responsables\u2009?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.4&Prime; _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb-70px||||false|false\u00a0\u00bb hover_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0&Prime; global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb sticky_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0&Prime;]<\/p>\n<h5><b>L\u2019enqu\u00eate g\u00e9ographique\u00a0: une d\u00e9marche \u00e0 explorer<\/b><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pour que les \u00e9l\u00e8ves soient en mesure de mettre en application ces op\u00e9rations intellectuelles, il est n\u00e9cessaire de leur offrir des occasions de d\u00e9velopper leur raisonnement g\u00e9ographique. L\u2019enqu\u00eate g\u00e9ographique apparait comme une situation \u00e9ducative prometteuse en ce sens. Cette d\u00e9marche vise \u00e0 confronter les apprenants \u00e0 une probl\u00e9matique g\u00e9ographique, prenant la forme d\u2019une ou de plusieurs questions mobilisatrices auxquelles ils doivent tenter de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 l\u2019aide de documents vari\u00e9s. Afin d\u2019illustrer chacune des \u00e9tapes de la d\u00e9marche, un exemple concret d\u2019enqu\u00eate g\u00e9ographique sur Las Vegas est propos\u00e9. Cette enqu\u00eate s\u2019inscrit dans le contexte de l\u2019\u00e9tude d\u2019un territoire touristique, mais pourrait aussi servir pour l\u2019\u00e9tude des m\u00e9tropoles (territoire urbain). Dans tous les cas, l\u2019enjeu territorial est relatif \u00e0 la situation hydrographique de cette agglom\u00e9ration qui accueillait, avant la COVID-19, des millions de visiteurs par ann\u00e9e venant profiter, entre autres, des casinos et des terrains de golf.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>La probl\u00e9matique g\u00e9ographique<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Appel\u00e9e ville du jeu et du vice, Las Vegas suscite l\u2019inqui\u00e9tude de nombreux chercheurs et citoyens, mais pour une tout autre raison que ses m\u0153urs et ses coutumes\u00a0: sa situation hydrographique. Comme elle est situ\u00e9e dans l\u2019\u00c9tat le plus d\u00e9sertique des \u00c9tats-Unis, on peut, bien s\u00fbr, penser au climat et aux faibles pr\u00e9cipitations pour expliquer cette situation. Et si les actions humaines y \u00e9taient aussi pour quelque chose, avec la fontaine du Bellagio et tous les luxueux h\u00f4tels et casinos qui composent la ville\u2009? En effet, plusieurs facteurs humains et environnementaux fragilisent la gestion p\u00e9renne de l\u2019eau\u00a0: la consommation et l\u2019utilisation actuelles de la ressource, les fluctuations de pr\u00e9cipitations, le climat impr\u00e9visible, les niveaux \u00e9lev\u00e9s d\u2019\u00e9vaporation, etc. Plus encore, l\u2019ass\u00e8chement du lac Mead, pr\u00e8s de Las Vegas, peut avoir de s\u00e9rieuses cons\u00e9quences sur le fleuve Colorado. Ce dernier permet d\u2019alimenter en eau et indirectement en \u00e9lectricit\u00e9 des millions d\u2019Am\u00e9ricains. Comme Las Vegas accueille chaque ann\u00e9e des millions de visiteurs, il y a lieu de se questionner quant \u00e0 l\u2019impact de l\u2019industrie touristique sur la situation hydrographique de la r\u00e9gion. Si les voyageurs savaient cela, consid\u00e9rant la pr\u00e9carit\u00e9 de la gestion de l\u2019eau, devraient-ils boycotter Las Vegas\u2009?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En plus de susciter la motivation des \u00e9l\u00e8ves, la probl\u00e9matique g\u00e9ographique vise \u00e0 les amener \u00e0 d\u00e9couvrir l\u2019importance spatiale de l\u2019enjeu abord\u00e9. Cette introduction est d\u2019ailleurs essentielle afin de donner un sens \u00e0 l\u2019apprentissage de la g\u00e9ographie, d\u2019\u00e9veiller la curiosit\u00e9 des \u00e9l\u00e8ves, de faire \u00e9merger leurs connaissances ant\u00e9rieures sur le sujet de l\u2019enqu\u00eate, puis de les amener \u00e0 se questionner relativement \u00e0 l\u2019enjeu (Hertig et Varcher, 2004).<\/span><\/p>\n<h5>\u00a0<\/h5>\n<h5><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Le dossier documentaire<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Afin de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 cette question mobilisatrice, l\u2019enseignant.e invite les \u00e9l\u00e8ves \u00e0 recourir \u00e0 un dossier documentaire et les guide au besoin dans leur analyse. Le dossier est compos\u00e9 de 9\u00a0documents contenant des informations g\u00e9ographiques de natures vari\u00e9es\u00a0: [1]\u00a0une carte th\u00e9matique sur les risques relatifs \u00e0 l\u2019eau dans l\u2019ouest des \u00c9tats-Unis\u2009; [2] un climatogramme de la r\u00e9gion\u2009; [3] un diagramme sur le nombre de visiteurs \u00e0 Las Vegas\u2009; [4] un diagramme sur le niveau d\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9vation de l\u2019eau du lac Mead\u2009; [5-6] des images satellites de la r\u00e9gion en 1984, puis en 2016 (voir ci-apr\u00e8s)\u2009; et, enfin [7-8-9] trois articles de journaux pr\u00e9sentant le point de vue de diff\u00e9rents groupes d\u2019acteurs. En guise de soutien, les \u00e9l\u00e8ves ont recours \u00e0 une grille d\u2019analyse tr\u00e8s sommaire, qui les am\u00e8ne \u00e0 colliger les informations g\u00e9ographiques qu\u2019ils tirent de chacun des documents. Ils doivent ainsi noter le titre du document, l\u2019ann\u00e9e de publication, le type de document dont il s\u2019agit et ce que le document leur apprend sur l\u2019enjeu.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00a0\u00bb1_2,1_2&Prime; _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.4&Prime; _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb-35px||||false|false\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_2&Prime; _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.4&Prime; _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/ssencressc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/1984.jpg\u00a0\u00bb alt=\u00a0\u00bbSatellites image of Las Vegas and Lake Mead, 1984&Prime; title_text=\u00a0\u00bbSatellites image of Las Vegas and Lake Mead, 1984&Prime; align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.4&Prime; _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_2&Prime; _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.4&Prime; _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/ssencressc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/2016.jpg\u00a0\u00bb alt=\u00a0\u00bbSatellites image of Las Vegas and Lake Mead, 2016&Prime; title_text=\u00a0\u00bbSatellites image of Las Vegas and Lake Mead, 2016&Prime; _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.4&Prime; _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.4&Prime; _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb-60px||||false|false\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4&Prime; _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.4&Prime; _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.4&Prime; _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb text_font_size=\u00a0\u00bb12px\u00a0\u00bb hover_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0&Prime; global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb sticky_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0&Prime;]<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Images satellites de Las Vegas et du lac Mead entre 1984 et 2016<br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source : NASA Earth Observatory (en ligne). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Visualizing the Highs and Lows of Lake Mead<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Consult\u00e9 sur <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/IOTD\/view.php?id=88099\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/IOTD\/view.php?id=88099<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.4&Prime; _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb0px||||false|false\u00a0\u00bb hover_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0&Prime; global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb sticky_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0&Prime;]<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le recours au dossier documentaire vise \u00e0 placer les \u00e9l\u00e8ves face \u00e0 des informations g\u00e9ographiques diversifi\u00e9es, de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 susciter leur raisonnement g\u00e9ographique. C\u2019est donc par l\u2019analyse des documents que ces derniers vont localiser l\u2019enjeu, caract\u00e9riser le territoire \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude, cerner les acteurs concern\u00e9s et leurs intentions, puis avoir recours \u00e0 diff\u00e9rentes \u00e9chelles g\u00e9ographiques. Il est \u00e0 noter que trois \u00e9l\u00e9ments rendent complexe la composition du dossier documentaire. D\u2019abord, le choix des documents peut \u00eatre ardu, alors que chacun doit apporter un \u00e9clairage nouveau sur l\u2019enjeu et contribuer \u00e0 enrichir la compr\u00e9hension des \u00e9l\u00e8ves. Les documents doivent donc \u00eatre compl\u00e9mentaires, sans pour autant se r\u00e9p\u00e9ter. En outre, il est parfois difficile de trouver des documents qui sont suffisamment accessibles pour les \u00e9l\u00e8ves et qui pr\u00e9sentent exactement les informations g\u00e9ographiques que l\u2019on souhaite leur faire d\u00e9couvrir. Dans ce cas, les atlas th\u00e9matiques et certains sites web peuvent constituer des ressources extr\u00eamement utiles [<\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Entre autres, les \u00e9ditions Autrement proposent des atlas th\u00e9matiques sur de nombreux enjeux qui se retrouvent au programme de formation, par exemple, l\u2019<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Atlas mondial de l\u2019eau<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Blanchon, 2017) et l\u2019<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Atlas des \u00e9nergies mondiales<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Barr\u00e9 et M\u00e9renne-Schoumaker, 2017). Aussi, de nombreuses cartes th\u00e9matiques sont accessibles sur les sites web <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le Monde diplomatique<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.monde-diplomatique.fr\/cartes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.monde-diplomatique.fr\/cartes\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) et <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SciencePo\u00a0: Atelier de cartographie<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/cartotheque.sciences-po.fr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">http:\/\/cartotheque.sciences-po.fr\/<\/span><\/a><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>)<\/em>]. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ensuite, la quantit\u00e9 de documents \u00e9tant limit\u00e9e, cela ne permet pas n\u00e9cessairement de rendre justice \u00e0 la complexit\u00e9 de l\u2019enjeu territorial. \u00c0 cet \u00e9gard, il faut voir l\u2019enqu\u00eate g\u00e9ographique comme une situation \u00e9ducative partielle, balis\u00e9e par l\u2019enseignant.e en fonction du temps et des documents disponibles, mais qui permet tout de m\u00eame aux \u00e9l\u00e8ves de raisonner g\u00e9ographiquement en fonction des informations dont ils disposent. Enfin, il faut accepter que la teneur des documents soit parfois tr\u00e8s in\u00e9gale. Si certains documents plus simples fournissent des informations de nature factuelle, comme le nombre de visiteurs \u00e0 Las Vegas par ann\u00e9e, d\u2019autres sont plus complexes et donnent \u00e0 voir le caract\u00e8re controvers\u00e9 de l\u2019enjeu avec les perspectives des diff\u00e9rents acteurs concern\u00e9s. Le temps consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019analyse du dossier documentaire peut donc diff\u00e9rer d\u2019un document \u00e0 l\u2019autre.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.4&Prime; _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb0px||||false|false\u00a0\u00bb hover_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0&Prime; global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb sticky_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0&Prime;]<\/p>\n<h5><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Le jugement g\u00e9ographique<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Au terme de l\u2019analyse du dossier documentaire, les \u00e9l\u00e8ves sont invit\u00e9s \u00e0 porter un jugement sur le plan g\u00e9ographique en prenant position sur l\u2019enjeu et en tentant de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la question mobilisatrice par le biais d\u2019un court texte. Lorsque j\u2019ai exp\u00e9riment\u00e9 cette enqu\u00eate, dans le contexte de la formation initiale, les positions exprim\u00e9es par les futur.e.s enseignant.e.s \u00e9taient diverses \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de l\u2019impact de l\u2019industrie touristique sur la consommation de l\u2019eau. Pour certain.e.s, l\u2019industrie touristique participerait \u00e9videmment \u00e0 cette probl\u00e9matique, mais sa responsabilit\u00e9 serait minime, alors que plusieurs mesures ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mises en place afin de limiter la consommation d\u2019eau, notamment dans les h\u00f4tels et les casinos. En fait, les acteurs qui ressortent comme \u00e9tant les plus importants consommateurs d\u2019eau sont les r\u00e9sidents de la ville, dont certains partagent la croyance que le terrain id\u00e9al doit poss\u00e9der un gazon vert. Une \u00e9tude r\u00e9alis\u00e9e en 2013 r\u00e9v\u00e9lait d\u2019ailleurs que\u00a0: \u00ab\u2009la demande en eau de l\u2019industrie h\u00f4teli\u00e8re de Las Vegas ne correspondait qu\u2019\u00e0 7\u00a0% de la demande globale. Pour les terrains de golf, c\u2019\u00e9tait 6\u00a0%. En revanche, la demande r\u00e9sidentielle des familles atteignait 60\u00a0% du total\u2009\u00bb (Larose, 2015). Pour d\u2019autres, consid\u00e9rant que l\u2019industrie touristique constitue un moteur \u00e9conomique dans la r\u00e9gion, et donc qu\u2019un nombre important de r\u00e9sidents en vivent, les touristes seraient indirectement responsables de la situation hydrographique. Cet exemple montre que la complexit\u00e9 des enjeux territoriaux ne facilite pas l\u2019obtention d\u2019un consensus puisque de nombreux acteurs sont concern\u00e9s et que plusieurs interpr\u00e9tations sont possibles. De plus, bien que les deux positions pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es s\u2019appuient principalement sur les donn\u00e9es relatives \u00e0 la consommation de l\u2019eau, l\u2019empreinte \u00e9cologique des voyageurs ne se limite pas qu\u2019\u00e0 cela. Le jugement g\u00e9ographique repose plus largement sur la conjugaison de pr\u00e9occupations environnementales, \u00e9conomiques, politiques et sociales.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En somme, avec l\u2019enqu\u00eate g\u00e9ographique, tout est modulable en fonction des \u00e9l\u00e8ves et du temps disponible\u00a0: la question mobilisatrice, qui peut \u00eatre g\u00e9n\u00e9rale ou subdivis\u00e9e en plusieurs questions sp\u00e9cifiques\u2009; le nombre de documents \u00e0 analyser\u2009; le niveau de difficult\u00e9 des informations g\u00e9ographiques dans les documents\u2009; la dur\u00e9e de l\u2019enqu\u00eate, celle-ci pouvant \u00eatre r\u00e9alis\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur d\u2019une p\u00e9riode ou \u00e9tal\u00e9e sur plusieurs cours\u2009; la production finale des \u00e9l\u00e8ves, qui peut prendre plusieurs formes, comme un texte \u00e9crit ou une production vid\u00e9o\u2009; etc. En outre, l\u2019analyse des documents peut se faire de mani\u00e8re guid\u00e9e, puis progressivement de fa\u00e7on autonome par les \u00e9l\u00e8ves.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5>\u00a0<\/h5>\n<h5><strong>Des conditions essentielles pour d\u00e9velopper le raisonnement g\u00e9ographique des \u00e9l\u00e8ves<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En guise de synth\u00e8se, voici quatre conditions qui apparaissent essentielles lors de la planification d\u2019une enqu\u00eate g\u00e9ographique visant \u00e0 favoriser le d\u00e9veloppement du raisonnement g\u00e9ographique.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Probl\u00e9matiser l\u2019enseignement de la g\u00e9ographie<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>Depuis d\u00e9j\u00e0 une trentaine d\u2019ann\u00e9es, les \u00e9crits en didactique de la g\u00e9ographie soulignent l\u2019importance de confronter les \u00e9l\u00e8ves \u00e0 des probl\u00e9matiques g\u00e9ographiques (Philippot, 2012\u2009; Hertig et Varcher, 2004). L\u2019\u00e9tude de la g\u00e9ographie doit ainsi amener les \u00e9l\u00e8ves, avec le soutien de l\u2019enseignant.e ou de mani\u00e8re autonome, \u00e0 se questionner sur le monde dans lequel ils vivent. \u00c0 cet \u00e9gard, les questions associ\u00e9es aux op\u00e9rations intellectuelles peuvent servir de pistes afin de susciter le raisonnement g\u00e9ographique chez ces derniers. De plus, comme il a \u00e9t\u00e9 mentionn\u00e9 pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment, le choix de la probl\u00e9matique g\u00e9ographique et l\u2019angle \u00e0 partir duquel elle sera analys\u00e9e sont des \u00e9l\u00e9ments d\u00e9terminants dans le d\u00e9roulement de l\u2019enqu\u00eate, notamment en ce qui concerne la motivation des \u00e9l\u00e8ves.<\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Probl\u00e9matiser l\u2019enseignement de la g\u00e9ographie<\/em><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le territoire constitue un enjeu lorsque plusieurs groupes d\u2019acteurs ne partagent pas les m\u00eames intentions quant \u00e0 son utilisation, par exemple, entre la pr\u00e9servation des espaces naturels et les projets de d\u00e9veloppement urbain ou industriel. Devant ce genre d\u2019enjeux, il n\u2019y a pas de solution unique et consensuelle que les \u00e9l\u00e8ves devraient trouver, ce qui rend l\u2019\u00e9tude de la g\u00e9ographie d\u2019autant plus complexe. En ce sens, ils sont plut\u00f4t amen\u00e9s \u00e0 consid\u00e9rer et \u00e0 comprendre une multitude de perspectives afin d\u2019\u00eatre en mesure de bien cerner l\u2019enjeu et de l\u2019interpr\u00e9ter de mani\u00e8re raisonn\u00e9e.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Fournir des informations g\u00e9ographiques, pas des r\u00e9ponses<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is critical to provide students with information rather than a direct interpretation of the issue. Indeed, teaching geography provides an ideal opportunity to analyze a variety of geographical information (maps, diagrams, tables, articles, etc.), an intellectual task that helps develop geographical thinking. It is therefore important to take advantage of these teaching moments to enable learners to discover and interpret a territorial issue for themselves, just as they must and will do as citizens.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Soutenir les \u00e9l\u00e8ves dans l\u2019analyse des informations<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En lien avec la piste pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente, il est \u00e9videmment n\u00e9cessaire de soutenir les \u00e9l\u00e8ves lorsqu\u2019ils sont face \u00e0 des informations g\u00e9ographiques diverses. Analyser ces informations implique forc\u00e9ment un apprentissage afin de d\u00e9velopper une certaine autonomie dans l\u2019utilisation des techniques en g\u00e9ographie\u00a0: interpr\u00e9ter une carte, un document \u00e9crit, un document iconographique, etc. (MELS, 2006)\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00c0 travers la d\u00e9marche d\u2019enqu\u00eate g\u00e9ographique, les \u00e9l\u00e8ves sont appel\u00e9s \u00e0 se former au raisonnement g\u00e9ographique afin de mieux appr\u00e9hender des enjeux territoriaux et environnementaux qui sont bien r\u00e9els. Comme le souligne une \u00e9l\u00e8ve de deuxi\u00e8me secondaire qui participe \u00e0 mon projet de doctorat,\u00a0\u00e0 propos de l\u2019importance d\u2019\u00e9tudier ces enjeux\u00a0: \u00ab\u2009\u00c0 part en univers social, il n\u2019y a personne qui va venir te l\u2019apprendre.\u2009\u00bb C\u2019est donc que les cours de g\u00e9ographie repr\u00e9sentent une occasion privil\u00e9gi\u00e9e, dans le parcours scolaire des \u00e9l\u00e8ves, pour leur permettre de d\u00e9chiffrer la complexit\u00e9 du monde et d\u2019exercer une citoyennet\u00e9 critique.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.4&Prime; _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb text_font_size=\u00a0\u00bb12px\u00a0\u00bb hover_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0&Prime; global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb sticky_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0&Prime;]<\/p>\n<p><b>R\u00e9f\u00e9rences bibliographiques<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Barr\u00e9, B. and M\u00e9renne-Schoumaker, B. (2017). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Atlas des \u00e9nergies mondiales\u00a0: un monde en transition<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Paris: France. \u00c9ditions Autrement.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Blanchon, D. (2017). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Atlas mondial de l\u2019eau\u00a0: d\u00e9fendre et partager notre bien commun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Paris: France. \u00c9ditions Autrement.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Duquette, C., Sharpe, B.,\u00a0Bahbahani, K. and Huynh, N. T. (2016).<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Teaching Geographical Thinking<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The Critical Thinking Consortium and the Royal Canadian Geographical Society publishers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hertig, P. (2016). Des outils de pens\u00e9e pour appr\u00e9hender la complexit\u00e9 dans le cadre de l\u2019\u00e9ducation en vue du d\u00e9veloppement durable. In M.-\u00c9. \u00c9thier and \u00c9.\u00a0Mottet (dir.), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Didactique de l\u2019histoire, de la g\u00e9ographie et de l\u2019\u00e9ducation \u00e0 la citoyennet\u00e9\u00a0: Recherches et pratiques<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (p.\u00a0117-128). Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium: \u00c9ditions de Boeck.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hertig, P. (2018). G\u00e9ographie scolaire et pens\u00e9e de la complexit\u00e9. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L\u2019Information g\u00e9ographique, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">82(3), 99-114.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hertig, P. and Varcher, P. (2004). Pour une didactique qui donne sens \u00e0 la g\u00e9ographie scolaire. In M.\u00a0Hasler (dir.), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D\u00e9veloppement et perspectives de la g\u00e9ographie scolaire en Suisse<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (p.\u00a017-35). Berne, Switzerland: Groupe de travail Didactique de la g\u00e9ographie. MELS, 2011.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jackson, P. (2006). Thinking Geographically. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Geography, 91<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(3), 199-204.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Larose, Y. (2015). Le d\u00e9fi de l\u2019eau \u00e0 Las Vegas. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal Le fil, 50<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(31). Accessed on <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lefil.ulaval.ca\/defi-leau-las-vegas-37491\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.lefil.ulaval.ca\/defi-leau-las-vegas-37491\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M\u00e9renne-Schoumaker, B. (2012). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Didactique de la g\u00e9ographie\u00a0: Organiser les apprentissages<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Brussels, Belgium: \u00c9ditions de Boeck.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Minist\u00e8re de l\u2019\u00c9ducation, du Loisir et du Sport [MELS] (2006). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Programme de formation de l\u2019\u00e9cole qu\u00e9b\u00e9coise\u00a0: \u00e9ducation pr\u00e9scolaire, enseignement primaire\u00a0: Version approuv\u00e9e. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Qubec: Government of Quebec.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Minist\u00e8re de l\u2019\u00c9ducation, du Loisir et du Sport [MELS] (2011). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cadre d\u2019\u00e9valuation des apprentissages\u00a0: G\u00e9ographie<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Quebec: Government of Quebec.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Morgan, J. (2013). What do we mean by thinking geographically? In D.\u00a0Lambert and M.\u00a0Jones (dir.), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Debates in geography education<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (p.\u00a0273-281). London, United Kingdom: Routledge.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA Earth Observatory (online). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Visualizing the Highs and Lows of Lake Mead<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Accessed on\u00a0 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/IOTD\/view.php?id=88099\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/IOTD\/view.php?id=88099<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Philippot, T. (2012). Enseigner \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole primaire une g\u00e9ographie probl\u00e9matis\u00e9e\u00a0: un d\u00e9fi\u2009? <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nouveaux c@hiers de la recherche en \u00e9ducation, 15<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(1), 21-34.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La d\u00e9marche d\u2019enqu\u00eate au service du raisonnement g\u00e9ographique Pierre-Luc Filliondoctorant en \u00e9ducation, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Trois-Rivi\u00e8resIntroduction Que l\u2019on pense au gazoduc Coastal Gaslink, au r\u00e9seau d\u2019ol\u00e9oducs Trans Mountain, au troisi\u00e8me lien entre Qu\u00e9bec et L\u00e9vis ou au projet Royalmount \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, les exemples d\u2019enjeux territoriaux controvers\u00e9s sont nombreux \u00e0 se retrouver sporadiquement dans les [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":5894,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" admin_label=\"Salon Article\" _builder_version=\"4.27.0\" da_disable_devices=\"off|off|off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" da_is_popup=\"off\" da_exit_intent=\"off\" da_has_close=\"on\" da_alt_close=\"off\" da_dark_close=\"off\" da_not_modal=\"on\" da_is_singular=\"off\" da_with_loader=\"off\" da_has_shadow=\"on\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_2,1_2\" admin_label=\"row\" _builder_version=\"4.27.4\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" min_height=\"456.5px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_2\" _builder_version=\"4.24.2\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_text admin_label=\"title\/author\" _builder_version=\"4.27.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" min_height=\"22.8px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<\/p><h1>The Use of Inquiries to Develop Geographical Thinking<\/h1><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pierre-Luc Fillion<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">professor, Universit\u00e9 Laval<\/span><\/i><\/p><p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Description\" _builder_version=\"4.27.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||0px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<\/p><p><b>Introduction<br \/><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether it is the Coastal GasLink pipeline<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the Trans Mountain oil pipeline, the third link between Quebec City and L\u00e9vis or the Royalmount project in Montr\u00e9al, there are many examples of controversial territorial issues that sporadically find their way into the media. Schools have a fundamental responsibility to prepare students to apprehend these highly complex issues (Hertig, 2016). Quebec\u2019s current high school geography program (ages 12-14) has the potential to do just that. . Through the study of the various types of territories (urban, regional, agricultural, indigenous and protected) and the analysis of territorial issues arising from them, students are encouraged to develop the intellectual tools associated with the subject matter and to learn about citizenship (MELS, 2006).\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_2\" _builder_version=\"4.24.2\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https:\/\/ssencressc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/global-6635477_1280.png\" title_text=\"global inquiry\" show_bottom_space=\"off\" _builder_version=\"4.27.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"50px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"50px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Description\" _builder_version=\"4.27.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" text_font_size=\"12px\" custom_padding=\"||0px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<\/p><p><i>\"This article was previously published in Enjeux de l'univers social (Vol. 16 #2) when the author was candidate to doctorate at Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Trois-Rivi\u00e8res. He is now a professor at Universit\u00e9 Laval\"<\/i><\/p><p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=\"row\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Description\" _builder_version=\"4.27.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"-40px||||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||0px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Geographic education thus contributes to teaching students to think independently about complex territorial issues; in other words, to apply geographical thinking. But what is geographical thinking and how can we train students to think this way? This article will briefly explain what is meant by geographical thinking, present an example of the geographical inquiry process and list the conditions that are required to develop this way of thinking.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Geographical thinking<br \/><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Generally speaking, geographical thinking is a specific way of looking at the world. Two fundamental aspects underpin such a view. On the one hand, geography takes a particular interest in the relationship between society and territory (M\u00e9renne-Schoumaker, 2012; Morgan, 2013), that is it seeks to understand how humans adapt to territory, how they use it, develop it, change it and organize it according to their needs. On the other hand, the notion of scale is paramount in geography, as we are interested in the different relationships between the local, the regional and the global, with the aim of better understanding the interdependence between the actors who occupy territories (Jackson, 2006).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition to these two fundamental aspects, geographical thinking requires several \u201cintellectual operations\u201d,to use the terminology of the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">minist\u00e8re de l\u2019\u00c9ducation, du Loisir et du Sport<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> [MELS] (2011), which students are likely to employ when studying a territorial issue. In this way, they are engaged in their development as critically thinking citizens. However, ministerial documents suggest the use of relatively broad intellectual operations such as \u201cestablish facts\u201d or \u201cestablish connections between facts\u201d. In some cases, these operations cut across the world of social sciences and even all other subjects. From here stems the need to suggest a way to highlight the specificity of geographical thinking in relation to territorial issues. This paper is primarily based on the MELS\u2019 evaluation frameworks (2011), on\u00a0 Duquette, Sharpe, Bahbahani and Huynh (2016) and on Hertig (2018). Like the latter, I have added examples of questions that can lead students to\u00a0 think geographically using the\u00a0 intellectual operations that follow.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h5>\u00a0<\/h5><h5><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><i>Geographical importance (Duquette et coll., 2016)<\/i><\/span><\/h5><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While reflecting on a territorial issue, we must question its importance and apprehend its relevance, which leads to a better understanding of the world:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of all the issues on the planet, why is this one relevant and significant?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why does the territorial issue deserve our attention?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><h5><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Location (Hertig, 2018) \/ Locating a territory (MELS, 2011)<\/span><\/em><\/h5><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Locating a territorial issue is more than simply placing it on a map. It is about trying to understand why a specific place presents the conditions that lead to the issue:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In which territory is the territorial issue taking place?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why there and not elsewhere?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><h5><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Characterizing a territory (MELS, 2011)<\/em><\/span><\/h5><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition to describing the territory in terms of its assets and constraints, characterizing a territory involves thinking about the relationship between society and the territory, as well as how humans adapt to and use their geographic space:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What are the territory's assets and constraints?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How does society adapt to its territory?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How does it use its territory?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><h5><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><i>Determining the groups involved and their intentions (Hertig, 2018)<\/i><\/span><\/h5><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the heart of social geography, a territorial issue presupposes that groups of stakeholders have divergent perspectives on how the territory should be used.<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Who are the stakeholders involved in the issue?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What are their needs or intentions with regard to the territory?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><h5><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><i>Scale (Hertig, 2018)<\/i><\/span><\/h5><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As mentioned above, a geographical view of the world implies taking into account the multiscalar dimension of territorial issues. With globalization, the shift from local to global and vice versa can often bring new perspectives on an issue, and even involve new groups:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At what scale am I considering the issue?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What other scales do I need to consider?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><h5><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><i>Geographical value judgments (Duquette et al., 2016)<\/i><\/span><\/h5><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The study of a territorial issue leads students to make a well-thought-out geographical judgment based on geographical information with regard to the human actions to be prioritized, which is an important contribution of geographical thinking to critical citizenship. This judgment inevitably involves ethical reflection on their own values, as well as on the various needs of the groups involved:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To what extent are the human actions and their outcomes desirable and responsible?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.27.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"-70px||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<\/p><h5><b>Geographical inquiry: a process worth considering<\/b><\/h5><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For students to be able to apply these intellectual operations, it is necessary to offer them opportunities to develop their geographical thinking skills. Geographical inquiry appears to be a promising educational tool in this respect. The aim of this approach is to confront learners with a geographical problem, in the form of one or more mobilizing questions which they must try to answer with the help of a variety of documents. To illustrate each step of the process, a concrete example of a geographical inquiry on Las Vegas is provided. This investigation is part of a study of a tourist area, but could also be used to study metropolises (urban areas). In all cases, the territorial issue is related to the hydrographic situation of this agglomeration, which, before COVID-19, welcomed millions of visitors a year who came to enjoy casinos and golf courses, among other things.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>The geographical issue<\/em><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Known as the city of gambling and vice, Las Vegas is a source of concern for many researchers and citizens alike, but for an entirely different reason than its conventions and practices: its hydrographic situation. As it is located in the most barren state in the USA, we can, of course, assume the climate and low rainfall explains this situation. But what if human actions were also a contributing factor, with the Bellagio fountain and all the luxurious hotels and casinos that make up the city? Indeed, a number of human and environmental factors undermine sustainable water management: current consumption and use of the resource, fluctuating rainfall, unpredictable weather, high levels of evaporation, and so on. What's more, the drying-up of Lake Mead, near Las Vegas, could have serious consequences for the Colorado River. The river provides water and, indirectly, electricity to millions of Americans. With Las Vegas welcoming millions of visitors every year, we have to wonder about the impact of the tourist industry on the region's hydrographic situation. If tourists were aware of the precariousness of the water situation in Las Vegas, should they boycott the city?<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition to motivating students, the geographical issue is designed to help them discover the geographical importance of the issue they must handle. This introduction is essential to give meaning to learning geography, to arouse students' curiosity, to bring out their prior knowledge of the subject and to get them to ask themselves questions on the issue (Hertig and Varcher, 2004).<\/span><\/p><h5>\u00a0<\/h5><h5><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><i>Documentation<\/i><\/span><\/h5><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To answer this mobilizing question, the teacher invites students to use a documentation file guiding them in their analysis if necessary. The file is made up of 9 documents containing a variety of geographic information: [1] a thematic map on water-related risks in the western United States; [2] a climatogram of the region; [3] a diagram on the number of tourists who visit Las Vegas; [4] a diagram of the water elevation level of Lake Mead; [5-6] satellite images of the region in 1984, then in 2016 (see below); and, finally [7-8-9] three newspaper articles presenting the viewpoints of different stakeholder groups. To support their work, the students are given a very basic analysis grid, which requires them to collate the geographical information they gather from each\u00a0 document. They are asked to note the title of the document, the year of publication, the type of document and what the document tells them about the issue.<\/span><\/p><p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_2,1_2\" _builder_version=\"4.27.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"-35px||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_2\" _builder_version=\"4.27.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https:\/\/ssencressc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/1984.jpg\" alt=\"Satellites image of Las Vegas and Lake Mead, 1984\" title_text=\"Satellites image of Las Vegas and Lake Mead, 1984\" align=\"center\" _builder_version=\"4.27.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_2\" _builder_version=\"4.27.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https:\/\/ssencressc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/2016.jpg\" alt=\"Satellites image of Las Vegas and Lake Mead, 2016\" title_text=\"Satellites image of Las Vegas and Lake Mead, 2016\" _builder_version=\"4.27.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.27.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"-60px||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.27.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.27.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" text_font_size=\"12px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Satellites images of Las Vegas and Lake Mead between 1984 and 2016<br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source: NASA Earth Observatory (online). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Visualizing the Highs and Lows of Lake Mead<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Accessed on <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/IOTD\/view.php?id=88099\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/IOTD\/view.php?id=88099<\/span><\/a><\/p><p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.27.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"0px||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Documentation files aim at presenting students with a wide range of geographical information, so as to stimulate geographical thinking. By analyzing the documents, they will locate the issue, characterize the territory being studied, identify the groups involved and their intentions, and then use different geographic scales. It should be noted that the composition of the documentary file is complex in three respects. First, the choice of documents can be difficult, as each one should shed new light on the issue at hand and contribute to enriching the students' understanding of what is at stake. Documents must therefore be complementary, without being repetitive. What's more, it's sometimes difficult to find documents that are sufficiently accessible for pupils and that present the exact geographic information you want them to consider. In this case, thematic atlases and certain websites can be extremely useful resources [<em>Among others, \u00c9ditions Autrement offer thematic atlases on many of the issues covered in the training program, for example, the Atlas mondial de l'eau (Blanchon, 2017) and the Atlas des \u00e9nergies mondiales (Barr\u00e9 and M\u00e9renne-Schoumaker, 2017). Numerous thematic maps are also available on the websites Le Monde diplomatique (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.monde-diplomatique.fr\/cartes\/\">https:\/\/www.monde-diplomatique.fr\/cartes\/<\/a>) and SciencePo : Atelier de cartographie <a href=\"https:\/\/bibnum.sciencespo.fr\/s\/catalogue\/item-set\/1717242\">https:\/\/bibnum.sciencespo.fr\/s\/catalogue\/item-set\/1717242<\/a>)]<\/em><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Secondly, as the quantity of documents is limited, they don't necessarily do justice to the complexity of territorial issues. In this respect, geographical inquiry should be seen as a partial educational situation, marked out by the teacher according to the time and documents available, but which nonetheless enables students to think geographically on the basis of the information available to them. Finally, it's important to accept that not all content is of equal value. While some of the simpler documents provide information of a factual nature, such as the number of visitors to Las Vegas per year, others are more complex, showing the controversial nature of the issue and the perspectives of the various groups involved. The time devoted to analyzing the documentation may therefore differ from one document to the next.<\/span><\/p><p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.27.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"0px||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<\/p><h5><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Geographical judgment<\/span><\/span><\/i><\/h5><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After analyzing the documentation file, students are invited to make a geographical judgment by taking a position on the issue and attempting to answer the mobilizing question in a short text. When I conducted this inquiry in the context of initial teacher training, the positions expressed by future teachers varied with regard to the impact of the tourism industry on water consumption. For some, the tourism industry is obviously part of the problem, but its responsibility is minimal, given that a number of measures have been put in place to limit water consumption, notably in hotels and casinos. In fact, the people who stand out as the biggest consumers of water are the city's residents, some of whom share the belief that the ideal lawn should always be green. A 2013 study revealed that hotel industry\u2019s water consumption in Las Vegas was only 7% of overall demand. For golf courses, it was 6%. By contrast, residential demand from families was 60% of total consumption (Larose, 2015). Others considered that since the tourism industry is an economic engine in the region, and therefore a significant number of residents make a living from it, tourists would be indirectly responsible for the hydrographic situation. This example shows that the complexity of territorial issues makes it difficult to reach a consensus, since many groups are involved and several interpretations are possible. What's more, although the two positions presented are based primarily on data relating to water consumption, tourists leave a far greater ecological footprint. Geographical judgment is therefore more broadly based on a combination of environmental, economic, political and social concerns.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In short, everything within the geographical inquiry can be personalized to suit the students and the time available: the mobilizing question, which can be general or subdivided into several specific questions; the number of documents to be analyzed; the level of difficulty of the geographic information in the documents; the duration of the inquiry, which can be carried out within one period or spread over several lessons; the students' final assignment, which can take several forms, such as a written text or a video. In addition, the students can initially analyze the documents with some guidance to progressively assess them by themselves.<\/span><\/p><h5>\u00a0<\/h5><h5><b>Required conditions for the development of students' geographical thinking skills<\/b><\/h5><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By way of summary, there are four conditions that appear to be required when planning a geographical inquiry designed to foster the development of geographical thinking.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h5><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Teaching geography through problematization<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/h5><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For more than thirty years now, papers on the didactics of geography have emphasized the importance of confronting students with geographical problems (Philippot, 2012; Hertig and Varcher, 2004). Whether with the support of the teacher or independently, the study of geography should lead students to question the world in which they live. In this respect, the questions associated with intellectual operations can be used to stimulate geographical thinking. Furthermore, as mentioned above, the choice of territorial issue and the angle from which it is analyzed are decisive factors in the course of the investigation, particularly with regard to student motivation.<\/span><\/p><h5><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Getting students to consider multiple perspectives<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/h5><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Territory is an issue when several groups of stakeholders do not share the same intentions regarding its use, for example, between the preservation of natural spaces and urban or industrial development projects). Faced with such issues, there is no single, consensual solution that students should find, which makes the study of geography all the more complex. Rather, they are required to consider and understand multiple perspectives in order to understand the issue and interpret it in a reasoned way.<\/span><\/p><h5><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provide geographic information, not answers<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/h5><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is critical to provide students with information rather than a direct interpretation of the issue. Indeed, teaching geography provides an ideal opportunity to analyze a variety of geographical information (maps, diagrams, tables, articles, etc.), an intellectual task that helps develop geographical thinking. It is therefore important to take advantage of these teaching moments to enable learners to discover and interpret a territorial issue for themselves, just as they must and will do as citizens.<\/span><\/p><h5><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Supporting students in analyzing information<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/h5><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With regard to the previous point, it is obviously necessary to support students when they are confronted with a variety of geographical information. Analyzing this information necessarily involves learning to develop a certain autonomy in the use of geographical techniques: interpreting a map, a written document, an iconographic document, etc. (MELS, 2006).<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h5><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/h5><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Through the geographic inquiry process, students are called upon to train themselves to think geographically in order to better apprehend territorial and environmental issues that are real. As one high school student involved in my doctoral project put it when asked about the importance of studying these issues: \u201cOutside of social studies, there's no one who's going to come and teach you these things.\u201d Geography classes therefore represent a privileged opportunity, in the course of students' school careers, to help them decode the world\u2019s complexity and exercise critical citizenship.<\/span><\/p><p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.27.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" text_font_size=\"12px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<\/p><p><b>Bibliography<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Barr\u00e9, B. and M\u00e9renne-Schoumaker, B. (2017). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Atlas des \u00e9nergies mondiales\u00a0: un monde en transition<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Paris: France. \u00c9ditions Autrement.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Blanchon, D. (2017). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Atlas mondial de l\u2019eau\u00a0: d\u00e9fendre et partager notre bien commun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Paris: France. \u00c9ditions Autrement.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Duquette, C., Sharpe, B.,\u00a0Bahbahani, K. and Huynh, N. T. (2016).<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Teaching Geographical Thinking<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The Critical Thinking Consortium and the Royal Canadian Geographical Society publishers.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hertig, P. (2016). Des outils de pens\u00e9e pour appr\u00e9hender la complexit\u00e9 dans le cadre de l\u2019\u00e9ducation en vue du d\u00e9veloppement durable. In M.-\u00c9. \u00c9thier and \u00c9.\u00a0Mottet (dir.), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Didactique de l\u2019histoire, de la g\u00e9ographie et de l\u2019\u00e9ducation \u00e0 la citoyennet\u00e9\u00a0: Recherches et pratiques<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (p.\u00a0117-128). Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium: \u00c9ditions de Boeck.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hertig, P. (2018). G\u00e9ographie scolaire et pens\u00e9e de la complexit\u00e9. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L\u2019Information g\u00e9ographique, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">82(3), 99-114.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hertig, P. and Varcher, P. (2004). Pour une didactique qui donne sens \u00e0 la g\u00e9ographie scolaire. In M.\u00a0Hasler (dir.), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D\u00e9veloppement et perspectives de la g\u00e9ographie scolaire en Suisse<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (p.\u00a017-35). Berne, Switzerland: Groupe de travail Didactique de la g\u00e9ographie. MELS, 2011.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jackson, P. (2006). Thinking Geographically. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Geography, 91<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(3), 199-204.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Larose, Y. (2015). Le d\u00e9fi de l\u2019eau \u00e0 Las Vegas. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal Le fil, 50<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(31). Accessed on <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lefil.ulaval.ca\/defi-leau-las-vegas-37491\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.lefil.ulaval.ca\/defi-leau-las-vegas-37491\/<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M\u00e9renne-Schoumaker, B. (2012). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Didactique de la g\u00e9ographie\u00a0: Organiser les apprentissages<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Brussels, Belgium: \u00c9ditions de Boeck.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Minist\u00e8re de l\u2019\u00c9ducation, du Loisir et du Sport [MELS] (2006). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Programme de formation de l\u2019\u00e9cole qu\u00e9b\u00e9coise\u00a0: \u00e9ducation pr\u00e9scolaire, enseignement primaire\u00a0: Version approuv\u00e9e. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Qubec: Government of Quebec.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Minist\u00e8re de l\u2019\u00c9ducation, du Loisir et du Sport [MELS] (2011). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cadre d\u2019\u00e9valuation des apprentissages\u00a0: G\u00e9ographie<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Quebec: Government of Quebec.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Morgan, J. (2013). What do we mean by thinking geographically? In D.\u00a0Lambert and M.\u00a0Jones (dir.), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Debates in geography education<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (p.\u00a0273-281). London, United Kingdom: Routledge.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA Earth Observatory (online). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Visualizing the Highs and Lows of Lake Mead<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Accessed on\u00a0 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/IOTD\/view.php?id=88099\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/IOTD\/view.php?id=88099<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Philippot, T. (2012). Enseigner \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole primaire une g\u00e9ographie probl\u00e9matis\u00e9e\u00a0: un d\u00e9fi\u2009? <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nouveaux c@hiers de la recherche en \u00e9ducation, 15<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(1), 21-34.<\/span><\/p><p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[974,108],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5897","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles-fr","category-salon-fr"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ssencressc.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5897","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ssencressc.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ssencressc.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ssencressc.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/14"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ssencressc.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5897"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/ssencressc.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5897\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5902,"href":"https:\/\/ssencressc.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5897\/revisions\/5902"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ssencressc.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5894"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ssencressc.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5897"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ssencressc.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5897"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ssencressc.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5897"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}